diff --git a/internal/ui/chat/composer/model.go b/internal/ui/chat/composer/model.go
index 5f8b217..b821347 100644
--- a/internal/ui/chat/composer/model.go
+++ b/internal/ui/chat/composer/model.go
@@ -221,86 +221,81 @@ func (c *Model) reset() {
 	c.editState.SetValue("")
 }
 
+// Update returns c changed in response to msg and a command to run, or nil.
 func (c Model) Update(msg tview.Msg) (Model, tview.Cmd) {
-	cmd := c.update(msg)
-	return c, cmd
-}
-
-// update changes c in response to msg and returns a command to run, or nil.
-func (c *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 	switch msg := msg.(type) {
 	case TabSuggestMsg:
-		return c.tabSuggest()
+		return c, c.tabSuggest()
 	case imagePastedMsg:
 		if len(msg) == 0 {
-			return nil
+			return c, nil
 		}
 		c.attach(imageAttachmentName, bytes.NewReader(msg))
-		return nil
+		return c, nil
 	case filesPickedMsg:
 		selectedChannel := c.channel
 		if selectedChannel == nil || selectedChannel.ID != msg.channelID {
-			return closeFiles(msg.files)
+			return c, closeFiles(msg.files)
 		}
 		for _, file := range msg.files {
 			c.attach(file.Name, file.Reader)
 		}
-		return nil
+		return c, nil
 	case editorMsg:
 		c.editState.SetValue(string(msg))
-		return nil
+		return c, nil
 	case editMsg:
 		c.editState.Apply(textarea.Change(msg))
 		typingCmd := c.sendTyping()
 		if c.cfg.AutocompleteLimit > 0 {
-			return tview.Batch(typingCmd, c.tabSuggest())
+			return c, tview.Batch(typingCmd, c.tabSuggest())
 		}
-		return typingCmd
+		return c, typingCmd
 
 	case tview.KeyMsg:
 		switch {
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, c.cfg.Keybinds.Composer.EditLast.Keybind) && c.canEditLastMessage():
-			return c.editLastMessage()
+			return c, c.editLastMessage()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, c.cfg.Keybinds.Composer.Paste.Keybind):
 			c.pasteText()
-			return pasteImage()
+			return c, pasteImage()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, c.cfg.Keybinds.Composer.Send.Keybind):
 			if c.mentionsVisible {
-				return c.tabComplete()
+				return c, c.tabComplete()
 			}
-			return c.send()
+			return c, c.send()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, c.cfg.Keybinds.Composer.OpenEditor.Keybind):
 			c.stopTabCompletion()
-			return c.openEditor()
+			return c, c.openEditor()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, c.cfg.Keybinds.Composer.OpenFilePicker.Keybind):
 			c.stopTabCompletion()
-			return c.pickFiles()
+			return c, c.pickFiles()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, c.cfg.Keybinds.Composer.Cancel.Keybind):
 			if c.mentionsVisible {
 				c.stopTabCompletion()
-				return nil
+				return c, nil
 			}
 			c.reset()
-			return nil
+			return c, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, c.cfg.Keybinds.Composer.TabComplete.Keybind):
 			if c.mentionsVisible {
-				return c.tabComplete()
+				return c, c.tabComplete()
 			}
 			c.insert("\t")
-			return nil
+			return c, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, c.cfg.Keybinds.Composer.ToggleReplyMention.Keybind):
 			c.toggleReplyMention()
-			return nil
+			return c, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, c.cfg.Keybinds.Composer.Undo.Keybind):
 			c.editState.Undo()
-			return nil
+			return c, nil
 		}
 	case mentionslist.Msg:
 		var cmd tview.Cmd
 		c.mentionsList, cmd = c.mentionsList.Update(msg)
-		return cmd
+		return c, cmd
 	}
-	return nil
+	return c, nil
 }
 
 func (c *Model) canEditLastMessage() bool {
diff --git a/internal/ui/chat/guildstree/model.go b/internal/ui/chat/guildstree/model.go
index 0026f78..9b07450 100644
--- a/internal/ui/chat/guildstree/model.go
+++ b/internal/ui/chat/guildstree/model.go
@@ -300,47 +300,42 @@ func (m *Model) collapseParentNode(node *tree.Node) {
 	m.selectionState.SetCurrentNode(parent)
 }
 
+// Update returns m changed in response to msg and a command to run, or nil.
 func (m Model) Update(msg tview.Msg) (Model, tview.Cmd) {
-	cmd := m.update(msg)
-	return m, cmd
-}
-
-// update changes m in response to msg and returns a command to run, or nil.
-func (m *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 	switch msg := msg.(type) {
 	case *gateway.ReadyEvent:
 		m.rebuild(msg)
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case *gateway.MessageCreateEvent:
 		if !msg.GuildID.IsValid() {
 			m.moveDMToFront(msg.ChannelID)
 		}
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case *gateway.PresenceUpdateEvent:
 		m.updateDMNodeStyle(msg.User.ID)
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case *read.UpdateEvent:
 		m.refreshReadStyles(msg)
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 
 	case NavigateMsg:
-		return m.navigate(msg.ChannelID)
+		return m, m.navigate(msg.ChannelID)
 	case Msg:
 		m.selectionState.Apply(tree.Change(msg))
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case SelectedMsg:
 		m.selectionState.SetCurrentNode(msg.Node)
-		return m.selectNode(msg.Node)
+		return m, m.selectNode(msg.Node)
 	case tview.KeyMsg:
 		switch {
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.GuildsTree.CollapseAll.Keybind):
 			for _, node := range m.root.Children() {
 				node.CollapseAll()
 			}
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.GuildsTree.CollapseParentNode.Keybind):
 			m.collapseParentNode(m.selectionState.CurrentNode())
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.GuildsTree.SelectPreviousUnread.Keybind, m.cfg.Keybinds.GuildsTree.SelectNextUnread.Keybind):
 			previous := keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.GuildsTree.SelectPreviousUnread.Keybind)
 			if node := adjacentNode(m.root, m.selectionState.CurrentNode(), m.isUnread, previous); node != nil {
@@ -354,12 +349,12 @@ func (m *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 				m.expandPathToNode(node)
 				m.selectionState.SetCurrentNode(node)
 			}
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.GuildsTree.YankID.Keybind):
-			return uitree.YankID(m.selectionState.CurrentNode())
+			return m, uitree.YankID(m.selectionState.CurrentNode())
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+	return m, nil
 }
 
 // isUnread reports whether node is an unread channel, or a guild or the direct messages whose channels are not shown yet and has one.
diff --git a/internal/ui/chat/memberstree/model.go b/internal/ui/chat/memberstree/model.go
index 51d54c8..e528db4 100644
--- a/internal/ui/chat/memberstree/model.go
+++ b/internal/ui/chat/memberstree/model.go
@@ -88,36 +88,31 @@ func (m Model) View(focused bool) tview.Widget {
 	return uitree.New(m.root, m.selectionState, m.cfg, m.cfg.Theme.MembersTree, m.cfg.Keybinds.MembersTree, focused, onChange, onSelect).Title("Members")
 }
 
+// Update returns m changed in response to msg and a command to run, or nil.
 func (m Model) Update(msg tview.Msg) (Model, tview.Cmd) {
-	cmd := m.update(msg)
-	return m, cmd
-}
-
-// update changes m in response to msg and returns a command to run, or nil.
-func (m *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 	switch msg := msg.(type) {
 	case *gateway.ReadyEvent:
 		// ningen drops its member lists on READY, so request the list again.
 		m.rebuild()
-		return m.requestMembers(0)
+		return m, m.requestMembers(0)
 	case *gateway.GuildMemberListUpdateEvent:
 		if channel := m.channel; channel != nil && channel.GuildID == msg.GuildID && m.state.MemberState.ListID(channel) == msg.ID {
 			m.rebuild()
 		}
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case *gateway.PresenceUpdateEvent:
 		m.refreshStatus(msg.User.ID)
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 
 	case Msg:
 		m.selectionState.Apply(tree.Change(msg))
-		return m.requestSelectedMembers()
+		return m, m.requestSelectedMembers()
 	case SelectedMsg:
 		m.selectionState.SetCurrentNode(msg.Node)
 		if _, ok := msg.Node.Reference().(groupRef); ok {
 			msg.Node.SetExpanded(!msg.Node.Expanded())
 		}
-		return m.requestSelectedMembers()
+		return m, m.requestSelectedMembers()
 	case tview.KeyMsg:
 		kbs := m.cfg.Keybinds.MembersTree
 		switch {
@@ -125,18 +120,18 @@ func (m *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 			for _, node := range m.root.Children() {
 				node.Collapse()
 			}
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, kbs.CollapseParentNode.Keybind):
 			if parent := m.parent(m.selectionState.CurrentNode()); parent != nil {
 				parent.Collapse()
 				m.selectionState.SetCurrentNode(parent)
 			}
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, kbs.YankID.Keybind):
-			return uitree.YankID(m.selectionState.CurrentNode())
+			return m, uitree.YankID(m.selectionState.CurrentNode())
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+	return m, nil
 }
 
 // rebuild recreates the tree from the member list of the selected channel.
diff --git a/internal/ui/chat/messageslist/model.go b/internal/ui/chat/messageslist/model.go
index 21ae188..1c1e4e0 100644
--- a/internal/ui/chat/messageslist/model.go
+++ b/internal/ui/chat/messageslist/model.go
@@ -837,64 +837,50 @@ func (ml *Model) selectedMessage() (*discord.Message, bool) {
 	return &ml.items[cursor].message, true
 }
 
+// Update returns ml changed in response to msg and a command to run, or nil.
 func (ml Model) Update(msg tview.Msg) (Model, tview.Cmd) {
-	cmd := ml.update(msg)
-	return ml, cmd
-}
-
-// atTop reports whether the oldest message shown is selected.
-func (ml *Model) atTop() bool {
-	return ml.cursor() >= 0 && ml.cursor() == ml.messageIndex(-1, 1)
-}
-
-// update changes ml in response to msg and returns a command to run, or nil.
-func (ml *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 	switch msg := msg.(type) {
 	case tview.KeyMsg:
 		switch {
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.Cancel.Keybind):
 			ml.clearSelection()
-			return nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.SelectUp.Keybind):
-			return ml.selectUp()
+			return ml, ml.selectUp()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.SelectDown.Keybind):
 			ml.selectDown()
-			return nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.SelectTop.Keybind):
-			return ml.selectTop()
+			return ml, ml.selectTop()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.SelectBottom.Keybind):
 			ml.selectBottom()
-			return nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.SelectReply.Keybind):
 			ml.selectReply()
-			return nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.YankID.Keybind):
-			return ml.yankMessageID()
+			return ml, ml.yankMessageID()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.YankContent.Keybind):
-			return ml.yankContent()
+			return ml, ml.yankContent()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.YankURL.Keybind):
-			return ml.yankURL()
+			return ml, ml.yankURL()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.Open.Keybind):
-			return ml.open()
+			return ml, ml.open()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.OpenInBrowser.Keybind):
-			return ml.openInBrowser()
+			return ml, ml.openInBrowser()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.Download.Keybind):
-			return ml.download()
+			return ml, ml.download()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.Reply.Keybind):
-			return ml.reply(false)
+			return ml, ml.reply(false)
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.ReplyMention.Keybind):
-			return ml.reply(true)
+			return ml, ml.reply(true)
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.Edit.Keybind):
-			return ml.editSelectedMessage()
+			return ml, ml.editSelectedMessage()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.Delete.Keybind):
-			return ml.deleteSelectedMessage()
+			return ml, ml.deleteSelectedMessage()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, ml.cfg.Keybinds.MessagesList.DeleteConfirm.Keybind):
-			return ml.confirmDelete()
+			return ml, ml.confirmDelete()
 		}
 	case olderMessagesLoadedMsg:
 		selectedChannel := ml.channel
 		if selectedChannel == nil || selectedChannel.ID != msg.ChannelID {
-			return nil
+			return ml, nil
 		}
 		prevCursor := ml.cursor()
 
@@ -908,13 +894,13 @@ func (ml *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 		}
 		ml.rebuildItems()
 		if selectedChannel.GuildID.IsValid() {
-			return tview.Batch(ml.requestGuildMembers(selectedChannel.GuildID, msg.Older), ml.loadPreviews())
+			return ml, tview.Batch(ml.requestGuildMembers(selectedChannel.GuildID, msg.Older), ml.loadPreviews())
 		}
-		return ml.loadPreviews()
+		return ml, ml.loadPreviews()
 	case previewLoadedMsg:
 		index := slices.IndexFunc(ml.items, func(item messageItem) bool { return !item.separator && item.message.ID == msg.messageID })
 		if index < 0 || ml.items[index].previews == nil {
-			return nil
+			return ml, nil
 		}
 		preview, cmd := msg.preview, tview.Cmd(nil)
 		if ml.kitty {
@@ -925,7 +911,7 @@ func (ml *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 		ml.items[index].previews[msg.proxy] = preview
 		// Invalidate the view so it is laid out with the preview.
 		ml.items[index].view = nil
-		return cmd
+		return ml, cmd
 	case tview.ResizeMsg:
 		cols, rows := msg.Size()
 		width, height := msg.PixelSize()
@@ -947,10 +933,15 @@ func (ml *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 		ml.selectionState.Apply(list.Change(msg))
 		ml.onRowCursorChanged(ml.cursor())
 		if !top && ml.atTop() {
-			return ml.fetchOlderMessages()
+			return ml, ml.fetchOlderMessages()
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+	return ml, nil
+}
+
+// atTop reports whether the oldest message shown is selected.
+func (ml *Model) atTop() bool {
+	return ml.cursor() >= 0 && ml.cursor() == ml.messageIndex(-1, 1)
 }
 
 func (ml *Model) selectDown() {
diff --git a/internal/ui/chat/model.go b/internal/ui/chat/model.go
index da3111a..4237671 100644
--- a/internal/ui/chat/model.go
+++ b/internal/ui/chat/model.go
@@ -193,27 +193,22 @@ func (m Model) Init() tview.Cmd {
 	return tview.Batch(openState(m.state), listen(m.events), tview.RequestTerminalInfo())
 }
 
+// Update returns m changed in response to msg and a command to run, or nil.
 func (m Model) Update(msg tview.Msg) (Model, tview.Cmd) {
-	cmd := m.update(msg)
-	return m, cmd
-}
-
-// update changes m in response to msg and returns a command to run, or nil.
-func (m *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 	switch msg := msg.(type) {
 	case gateway.Event:
-		return tview.Batch(m.applyEvent(msg), listen(m.events))
+		return m, tview.Batch(m.applyEvent(msg), listen(m.events))
 	case tview.FocusMsg:
 		m.windowUnfocused = !msg.Focused
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case guildstree.ChannelLoadedMsg:
 		node := m.guildsTree.CurrentNode()
 		if node == nil {
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		}
 		channelID, ok := node.Reference().(discord.ChannelID)
 		if !ok || channelID != msg.Channel.ID {
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		}
 
 		membersCmd := m.setSelectedChannel(&msg.Channel)
@@ -223,97 +218,97 @@ func (m *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 			m.setFocus(paneComposer)
 		}
 		title := ui.ChannelToString(msg.Channel, m.cfg.Icons, m.state) + " - " + consts.Name
-		return tview.Batch(tview.SetTitle(title), m.messagesList.SetChannel(&msg.Channel, msg.Messages), membersCmd)
+		return m, tview.Batch(tview.SetTitle(title), m.messagesList.SetChannel(&msg.Channel, msg.Messages), membersCmd)
 	case messageslist.Msg, tview.TerminalInfoMsg, tview.ResizeMsg:
-		return m.updatePane(paneMessagesList, msg)
+		return m, m.updatePane(paneMessagesList, msg)
 	case typingExpiredMsg:
 		if until, ok := m.typers[msg.userID]; ok && !time.Now().Before(until) {
 			delete(m.typers, msg.userID)
 		}
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case channelspicker.SelectedMsg:
-		return m.navigateToChannel(msg.ChannelID)
+		return m, m.navigateToChannel(msg.ChannelID)
 	case channelspicker.CancelMsg:
 		m.closePicker()
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case attachmentspicker.SelectedMsg:
 		m.overlay = overlayNone
-		return msg.Action
+		return m, msg.Action
 	case attachmentspicker.CancelMsg:
 		m.overlay = overlayNone
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case messageslist.ShowAttachmentsMsg:
 		m.attachmentsPicker.SetItems(picker.Items(msg))
 		m.overlay = overlayAttachmentsPicker
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case messageslist.ReplyMsg:
 		m.composer.StartReply(msg.Message, msg.Name, msg.Mention)
 		m.setFocus(paneComposer)
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case messageslist.EditMsg:
 		m.composer.StartEdit(discord.Message(msg))
 		m.setFocus(paneComposer)
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case composer.EditLastMsg:
 		if message, ok := m.messagesList.SelectLastOwn(); ok {
 			m.composer.StartEdit(message)
 		}
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case composer.SentMsg:
 		m.messagesList.ShowNewest()
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case QuitMsg:
-		return closeState(m.state)
+		return m, closeState(m.state)
 	case tview.KeyMsg:
 		switch {
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.FocusGuildsTree.Keybind):
 			m.composer.CloseMentions()
 			m.setFocus(paneGuildsTree)
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.FocusMembersTree.Keybind):
 			m.composer.CloseMentions()
 			m.setFocus(paneMembersTree)
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.FocusMessagesList.Keybind):
 			m.composer.CloseMentions()
 			m.setFocus(paneMessagesList)
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.FocusComposer.Keybind):
 			m.setFocus(paneComposer)
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.FocusPrevious.Keybind):
 			m.cycleFocus(-1)
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.FocusNext.Keybind):
 			m.cycleFocus(1)
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.ToggleGuildsTree.Keybind):
 			m.toggle(&m.guildsTreeVisible, paneGuildsTree)
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.ToggleMembersTree.Keybind):
 			m.toggle(&m.membersTreeVisible, paneMembersTree)
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.ToggleChannelsPicker.Keybind):
 			m.togglePicker()
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.Logout.Keybind):
-			return tview.Sequence(closeState(m.state), logout())
+			return m, tview.Sequence(closeState(m.state), logout())
 		}
 	case composer.TabSuggestMsg, mentionslist.Msg:
-		return m.updatePane(paneComposer, msg)
+		return m, m.updatePane(paneComposer, msg)
 	case paneMsg:
 		if msg.focus {
 			m.setFocus(msg.pane)
 		}
 		if msg.msg == nil {
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		}
-		return m.updatePane(msg.pane, msg.msg)
+		return m, m.updatePane(msg.pane, msg.msg)
 	}
-	return m.route(msg)
+	return m, m.route(msg)
 }
 
 // route sends msg to the open picker, which takes all input, and otherwise to the focused pane.
diff --git a/internal/ui/login/qr/model.go b/internal/ui/login/qr/model.go
index 999f32b..a422843 100644
--- a/internal/ui/login/qr/model.go
+++ b/internal/ui/login/qr/model.go
@@ -42,80 +42,75 @@ func (Model) Init() tview.Cmd {
 	return func() tview.Msg { return startMsg{} }
 }
 
+// Update returns m changed in response to msg and a command to run, or nil.
 func (m Model) Update(msg tview.Msg) (Model, tview.Cmd) {
-	cmd := m.update(msg)
-	return m, cmd
-}
-
-// update changes m in response to msg and returns a command to run, or nil.
-func (m *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 	switch msg := msg.(type) {
 	case startMsg:
 		m.status = "Connecting to Remote Auth Gateway..."
-		return connect()
+		return m, connect()
 	case tview.KeyMsg:
 		if msg.Key() == tcell.KeyEsc {
 			m.status = "Canceled"
-			return closeConn(m.conn)
+			return m, closeConn(m.conn)
 		}
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case scrollMsg:
 		m.scrollState.Apply(textview.Change(msg))
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 
 	case connCreateMsg:
 		m.conn = msg.conn
 		m.status = "Connected. Handshaking..."
-		return listen(m.conn)
+		return m, listen(m.conn)
 	case connCloseMsg:
 		m.conn = nil
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 
 	case helloMsg:
 		m.heartbeatInterval = time.Duration(msg.heartbeatInterval) * time.Millisecond
-		return tview.Batch(listen(m.conn), scheduleHeartbeat(m.heartbeatInterval), generatePrivateKey())
+		return m, tview.Batch(listen(m.conn), scheduleHeartbeat(m.heartbeatInterval), generatePrivateKey())
 	case privateKeyMsg:
 		m.privateKey = msg.privateKey
-		return sendInit(m.conn, m.privateKey)
+		return m, sendInit(m.conn, m.privateKey)
 	case nonceProofMsg:
-		return tview.Batch(listen(m.conn), sendNonceProof(m.conn, m.privateKey, msg.encryptedNonce))
+		return m, tview.Batch(listen(m.conn), sendNonceProof(m.conn, m.privateKey, msg.encryptedNonce))
 	case pendingRemoteInitMsg:
 		m.fingerprint = msg.fingerprint
-		return tview.Batch(listen(m.conn), generateQRCode(msg.fingerprint))
+		return m, tview.Batch(listen(m.conn), generateQRCode(msg.fingerprint))
 	case qrCodeMsg:
 		m.qrCode = msg.qrCode
 		m.status = "Scan this with the Discord mobile app to log in instantly."
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case pendingTicketMsg:
-		return tview.Batch(listen(m.conn), decryptUserPayload(m.privateKey, msg.encryptedUserPayload))
+		return m, tview.Batch(listen(m.conn), decryptUserPayload(m.privateKey, msg.encryptedUserPayload))
 	case userMsg:
 		name := msg.username
 		if msg.discriminator != "0" {
 			name += "#" + msg.discriminator
 		}
 		m.status = "Check your phone! Logging in as " + name
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case pendingLoginMsg:
 		m.status = "Authenticating..."
-		return tview.Batch(closeConn(m.conn), exchangeTicket(m.fingerprint, m.privateKey, msg.ticket))
+		return m, tview.Batch(closeConn(m.conn), exchangeTicket(m.fingerprint, m.privateKey, msg.ticket))
 	case ignoredMsg:
-		return listen(m.conn)
+		return m, listen(m.conn)
 	case cancelMsg:
 		m.status = "Login canceled on mobile"
-		return closeConn(m.conn)
+		return m, closeConn(m.conn)
 
 	case heartbeatTickMsg:
 		if m.conn == nil {
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		}
-		return tview.Batch(scheduleHeartbeat(m.heartbeatInterval), sendHeartbeat(m.conn))
+		return m, tview.Batch(scheduleHeartbeat(m.heartbeatInterval), sendHeartbeat(m.conn))
 
 	case error:
 		m.status = msg.Error()
-		return closeConn(m.conn)
+		return m, closeConn(m.conn)
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	return m, nil
 }
 
 // halfBlock packs a vertical pair of QR pixels into one glyph, fitting two bitmap rows into a single terminal row.
diff --git a/internal/ui/root/model.go b/internal/ui/root/model.go
index e6cd61d..4752ee5 100644
--- a/internal/ui/root/model.go
+++ b/internal/ui/root/model.go
@@ -71,28 +71,23 @@ func (m Model) Init() tview.Cmd {
 	)
 }
 
+// Update returns m changed in response to msg and a command to run, or nil.
 func (m Model) Update(msg tview.Msg) (Model, tview.Cmd) {
-	cmd := m.update(msg)
-	return m, cmd
-}
-
-// update changes m in response to msg and returns a command to run, or nil.
-func (m *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 	switch msg := msg.(type) {
 	case loginMsg:
-		return m.showLogin()
+		return m, m.showLogin()
 	case tokenMsg:
-		return m.showChat(string(msg))
+		return m, m.showChat(string(msg))
 
 	case password.TokenMsg:
-		return tview.Batch(m.showChat(string(msg)), setToken(string(msg)))
+		return m, tview.Batch(m.showChat(string(msg)), setToken(string(msg)))
 	case qr.TokenMsg:
-		return tview.Batch(m.showChat(string(msg)), setToken(string(msg)))
+		return m, tview.Batch(m.showChat(string(msg)), setToken(string(msg)))
 	case token.TokenMsg:
-		return tview.Batch(m.showChat(string(msg)), setToken(string(msg)))
+		return m, tview.Batch(m.showChat(string(msg)), setToken(string(msg)))
 
 	case chat.LogoutMsg:
-		return tview.Batch(
+		return m, tview.Batch(
 			m.showLogin(),
 			deleteToken(),
 		)
@@ -100,41 +95,41 @@ func (m *Model) update(msg tview.Msg) tview.Cmd {
 		if m.modal == nil {
 			m.modal, m.dialogFocus = &msg, 0
 		}
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case dialogFocusMsg:
 		m.dialogFocus = int(msg)
-		return nil
+		return m, nil
 	case dialogDoneMsg:
-		return m.finishModal(int(msg))
+		return m, m.finishModal(int(msg))
 
 	case tview.KeyMsg:
 		// The dialog takes all input while it is open, so nothing behind it reacts.
 		if m.modal != nil {
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		}
 		switch {
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.ToggleHelp.Keybind):
 			m.toggleHelp()
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.ToggleFullHelp.Keybind):
 			if m.cfg.Help.Enabled {
 				m.helpShowAll = !m.helpShowAll
 			}
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.Suspend.Keybind):
-			return suspend()
+			return m, suspend()
 		case keybind.Matches(msg, m.cfg.Keybinds.Quit.Keybind):
-			return tview.Batch(m.updateScreen(chat.QuitMsg{}), tview.Quit())
+			return m, tview.Batch(m.updateScreen(chat.QuitMsg{}), tview.Quit())
 		}
 	case tview.MouseMsg, tview.PasteMsg:
 		if m.modal != nil {
-			return nil
+			return m, nil
 		}
 	case tview.ResizeMsg:
 		m.resize = msg
 	}
 
-	return m.updateScreen(msg)
+	return m, m.updateScreen(msg)
 }
 
 // updateScreen updates the model shown above help with msg.